DINAMIKA DAN EMISI MIKROPLASTIK DI TELUK JAKARTA

PURWIYANTO, ANNA IDA SUNARYO and Prartono, Tri and Riani, Etty and Koropitan, Alan Frendy and Naulita, Yuli (2022) DINAMIKA DAN EMISI MIKROPLASTIK DI TELUK JAKARTA. Doctoral thesis, Sriwijaya University.

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Abstract

Microplastics are particles of 1-5000 µm composed of synthetic polymer materials. Various activities (sanitation, traffic emissions, industry, agriculture, fisheries) are a source of microplastics. The microplastics are transported to the waters through runoff, the river flows, and even drift in the air (atmospheric microplastics). These microplastics are solid particles with a variety of compositions. The main component of microplastics is a polymer added with additives according to the use of plastic when it is in macro form. Jakarta Bay is one of the waters experiencing microplastic pressure. Information on the presence of microplastics in Jakarta Bay has been reported in previous research. However, these studies are still basic and unintegrated. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the fate and budget of microplastics, as well as detect the content of additives (phthalates) in microplastics in Jakarta Bay. Microplastic sampling was carried out on the atmosphere, the water surface, and sediments. A sampling of atmospheric microplastics was carried out for 12 months (March 2018 – February 2019) on the roof building of the Oceanographic Research Center - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Ancol. Sampling used a manual rain gauge installed for 96 hours every month, with three repetitions. Microplastic in waters and sediments was conducted in August 2020 at nine estuaries around Jakarta Bay (Dadap River, Angke River, Pluit River, Ciliwung River, Kali Item River, Koja River, Cilincing River, Marunda River, and Bekasi River). The nine estuaries are located in different watersheds (DAS), with different population densities. Sampling was done using a round net and van ven grab, with three repetitions at each station. The emission of microplastics in Jakarta Bay is analyzed by considering environmental factors such as rainfall, wind speed, river water discharge, the number of particles at each station, and sedimentation rate. The results of neraca calculations and comparisons of the dominance of microplastic characteristics are used in predicting the dinamika of microplastics. Phthalates contained in microplastics were detected using Micro￾Raman Spectroscopic on 25 samples in water and sediments that had been identified as microplastics. Atmospheric microplastics are caught at the rain gauge every month, with an average abundance of 1.83 particles/month. The abundance of microplastics obtained during the rainy season was higher than during the dry season. It is presumably due to the influence of the intensity of sunlight, wind, and rainfall, which differs between the two seasons. However, statistically, there was no significant difference in the abundance of microplastics every month (p>0.05). The dominating characteristics of atmospheric microplastics in Ancol are the fiber shape, the size range of 300-500 µm, and the polyester polymer (PET) type. The dominance of these characteristics indicates that the atmospheric microplastics found are derived from local emissions from surrounding residents. Estuary waters and sediments also contribute to the microplastic pollution of Jakarta Bay. Microplastics on the water surface at nine estuaries ranged from 9.729 to 89.164 particles/m3 , with an average of 48.179 ± 21.960 particles/m3 . The highest abundance was found in the Dadap River (Station 1) and the lowest at the Angke River Estuary (Station 2). Statistically, each estuary did not provide a significantly different abundance (p>0.05). Based on administrative location, microplastics from Tangerang (Station 1) have a greater abundance (67.777 ± 5,656 particles/m3 ) than North Jakarta (Station 2-8) (47.715 ± 4,207 particles/m3 ) and Bekasi (Station 9) (31,834 ± 2,503 particles/m3 ). The microplastic abundance in nine estuaries is in line with the quantity of macro debris in each location. However, it is not affected by population density in each watershed. Microplastics in waters indicate domestic sources, i.e., the fragments' shape, the size range of 300-500 µm, and the type of polymer polyethylene (PE). The abundance of microplastics in the waters will correlate with their abundance in the sediment. Statistically, this is proven by a high correlation value (r = 0.82). The abundance of microplastics in sediments at nine estuaries ranged from 604 to 3108.97 particles/kg dry weight of sediment, with an average of 1977.56 particles/kg dry weight of sediment. The highest abundance was found at the Dadap River (Station 1), and the lowest was at the Angke River (Station 2). It is influenced by the current velocity of each river and the dredging activity. The statistical test showed that the abundance of each station was not significantly different (p>0.05). Sequentially, the abundance of microplastics in 3 administrative areas of estuaries in Jakarta Bay is North Jakarta (14037.20 particles/kg dry weight of sediment) > Tangerang (3108.97 particles/kg dry weight of sediment) > Bekasi (652 particles/kg dry weight sediment). Fragments dominate the shape of microplastics. The most size is 300-500 µm and the type of PE polymer. The dominance of shape and size in sediments is in line with the characteristics of microplastics in the waters. It indicates that the microplastics in the sediment are microplastics that were deposited from the waters. Microplastics in the atmosphere, waters, and sediment indicate that the microplastics in Jakarta Bay originate from these three compartments. The highest atmospheric microplastic deposition was in February 2019 (3,68 x 109 particles/day), and the lowest was in July 2018 (2,45 x 108 particles/day). The deposition is affected by meteorological conditions (rainfall and wind speed). Statistical tests found that both meteorological factors positively correlated with atmospheric microplastic deposition. Nine estuaries around Jakarta Bay also contribute to microplastics in Jakarta Bay. The highest emission from the surface water of the Ciliwung River (1.26 x 107 particles/day) and the lowest from the Angke River (16.71 x 107 particles/day), with an average of 6.71 x 107 ± 5.83 x 107 particles/day. Based on the administration area, Jakarta Utara > Tangerang > Bekasi. It depends on the water discharge and the number of microplastic particles in each river. Microplastics in the sediments of each estuary provided an average emission of 5,42 x 106 ± 2,84 x 106 particles/day. Based on the budget, flux, and predominance of microplastic characteristics, the fate of microplastics in Jakarta Bay can be predicted. Microplastics from the surface waters of nine river estuaries gave the highest emissions, but have different characteristics from atmospheric microplastics. It means that there was some unknown mechanism for atmospheric microplastic in Jakarta bay water. Jakarta Bay accumulates some microplastic in the water column as a result of high microplastic emissions. Even without any flushing from the surrounding water masses, microplastics have a fairly long residence time (21 days) in the waters of Jakarta Bay. Meanwhile, the similarity of dominance characteristics from sediments indicates that sediments can contribute to microplastics in Jakarta Bay. It is through the possibility of resuspension into the water column. Nevertheless, this requires further research. Microplastics obtained from nine estuaries no longer contain phthalates in their particles. It can be seen from the absence of wave crests in the spectrum of 3074, 1726, 1600, 1580, 1040, and 652 cm-1 . It leads to the hypothesis that the substance had been completely released from the microplastic particles. The phthalate content may be in the waters or sediments in the river around Jakarta Bay. However, this hypothesis still needs further research considering that the phthalate content in Jakarta Bay has never been studied in detail.

Item Type:	Thesis (Doctoral)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	atmosferik, DAS, fluks, muara sungai, permukaan air, sedimen
Subjects:	G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GC Oceanography > GC1080-1581 Marine pollution. Sea water pollution
Divisions:	08-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science > 54241-Marine Science (S1)
Depositing User:	Dr ANNA IDA SUNARYO PURWIYANTO
Date Deposited:	29 Aug 2023 07:39
Last Modified:	29 Aug 2023 07:39
URI:	http://repository.unsri.ac.id/id/eprint/128066

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